history – Page 15 – Wis[s]e Words

The Kingdom of the Hittites – Trevor Bryce

Published on June 20, 2009

Cover of The Kingdom of the Hittites

The Kingdom of the Hittites
Trevor Bryce
554 pages including index
published in 2005

The nice thing about history is that there’s so much of it, and so much still barely known. The Hittites are a case in point. Their existence was largely unsuspected until the late nineteenth century, when the first of their sites were uncovered in what is now Turkey and Syria. Here was a major Late Bronze Age civilisation and Near East superpower, an empire on par with Ancient Egypt or Assyria that lasted almost fivehundred years and nobody had a clue it existed. The sole cluess to their existence then known were some vague references in the Old Testament, from which they gotten their name as well as some mentions in the official correspondence of their rivals in Egypt, Assyria and Babylon but these were still largely untranslated when the first Hittite sites were found. The rediscovery of the Hittites is but one example of how much more complex ancient history is compared to the caricature we get of it in pop culture, which largely goes Sumeria > Egypt > Greece > Rome, with a sidestep to Israel.

What’s also nice about history is how fluid it is. We think we know the history of given region or country until a chance archeological discovery turns everything upside down again. Especially with subjects as far removed in time from us as the Hittite Empire, which existed roughly from 1650 BCE until about 1200 BCE, our views of it can change surprisingly quickly, as can be seen in The Kingdom of the Hittites. Originally published in 1998, the second, 2005 edition has been thoroughly revised with sections of every chapter having been rewritten, based on new discoveries and other advances since the original publication. If less than a decade of progress can make such a difference in a textbook like this it’s no wonder its author, Trevor Bryce, stresses that this is still only a preliminary history of the Hittites, subject to further revision.

As a textbook The Kingdom of the Hittites is firmly of the “kings and battles” school of history writing, with a companion volume dealing with society and daily life of the Hittites. Sadly the Amsterdam library didn’t seem to have that in its stacks. No matter, this was enough to be going on with on its own as well. The book is set up in chronological order, it starts with the origins of the Hittites and an overview of the history of Anatolia just before the Hittite kingdom was established and ends with the last known Hittite king. The reign of each known Hittite king is looked at, but as Bryce makes clear throughout, of some kings much less is known than others. Indeed, for several kings not even the approximate dates of their reigns are known. Two appendixes, on the chronology of Hittite history and the sources available to historians, make this problem even more clear.

Blessed Among Nations – Eric Rauchway

Published on April 26, 2009

Cover of Blessed Among Nations

Blessed Among Nations
Eric Rauchway
240 pages including index
published in 2006

The main reason I picked up this book from the Amsterdam library was because I recognised Eric Rauchway’s name; a quick google confirmed that this was the same Eric Rauchway who writes on The Edge of the American West, an excellent history orientated groupblog. It’s always nice to see somebody who can write clever blogposts is able to sustain that cleverness over the length of a book, as Rauchway did here. It’s even better if it’s done in a book I actually would want to read anyway, of course.

Blessed Among Nations is an examination of “American exceptionalism”, the idea that America as a country is different from other countries in more than the trivial way in which every country differs from every other country. In several ways the United States differ from its peers in Western Europe. It is the largest economy in the world, but depends on investment of foreign labor and capital to keep its economy running. It spent much less on social welfare than other rich countries, its government is somewhat less centralised as well and finally there has never been the kind of broad mass socialist or social democrat movement in the US as there has been in Europe. What Rauchway wants to do in his book is to explain these differences without either explaining them away or falling in the trap that America is special, unbound by rules that govern lesser nations.

The explenation Rauchway reaches is contained in the subtitle of the book: How the World Made America. He argues that the foundation for modern post-world war America was laid in the period between the Civil War and World War I, during the first era of globalisation. During this era America was a favourite destination of both labour and capital, the first in the shape of mass immigration from Europe, the second through investments made by British investers. America was far away enough from Europe not to be sucked into the great power conflicts there but near enough through new technology like the telegraph and the steamship to be integrated in the worldwide capitalist system. What’s more, America could make do with a relatively small army and navy as it could shelter behind the might of the Royal Navy as Britain kept the oceans free for their own purposes, while its expension westwards brought the country into conflict with mainly military inferior opponents.

The Iron Wall – Avi Shlaim

Published on April 14, 2009

Cover of The Iron Wall

The Iron Wall
Avi Shlaim
670 pages including index
published in 2000

Avi Shlaim is an Israeli/British historian, one of a generation of revisionist historians who from the 1980s started tearing down the foundation myths of the state of Israel. History always has political undertones and perhaps nowhere more so than in Israel, which after all justifies its existence with the historical claim of the Jewish people on the lands of Palestine, as developed through zionist ideology. With the succesful establishment of Israel as a Jewish state came a set of founding myths and in the first decades after independence Israeli historians by and large confirmed rather than challenged those myths. In the eighties this changed, as new historians started re-examining those core assumptions. Unlike the earlier generation, people like Avi Shlaim had not had the same personal experience and direct involvement in the foundation of Israel and its wars and could look more objectively on the facts rather than let ideology steer their interpretations.

In The Iron Wall – Israel and the Arab World Avi Shlaim takes aim at Israel’s foreign policy concerning its immediate neighbours. It’s a big book, tracing the evolution of Israel’s approach to the Arab countries from its struggle for independence up to 1998 and the failure of the Oslo peace process. The title of the book comes from two 1923 essays by Ze’ev Jabotinsky, a Zionist leader and according to Shlaim, “spiritual father of the Israeli right”. In these essays Jabotinsky set out the possibilities for dealing with the socalled “Arab problem” and coming to the conclusion that the only way to deal with it is to continue the settlement efforts “under protection of a force that is not dependent on the local population, behind an iron wall which they will be powerless to break down”.

A Savage War of Peace — Alistair Horne

Published on January 25, 2009

Cover of A Savage War of Peace

A Savage War of Peace
Alistair Horne
604 pages including index
published in 1977

Remember how the White House a few years ago, in one of their periodic attempts at convincing the rest of the world George Bush is not a complete moron, released a list of books supposedly read by him in the past year? One of the books on the list was this, A Savage War of Peace, Alistair Horne’s history of the Algerian struggle for independence from France. What’s more, the same book was also reported to be widely read in the US army occupying Iraq and Afghanistan as part of an attempt to understand the enterprise they were engaging in. This isn’t necessarily a recommendation of course; another much read book in the US army is that piece of pseudoscientific racism, The Arab Mind. A sort of mixed bag of recommendations then: this is clearly an important book in that it seems to have shaped the American strategy in Iraq and Afghanistan, but does this make this a good book?

Fortunately, it does. Had Bush read this book in 2002 before the War on Iraq, and had he been able to actually understand what he read, he may have actually decided against the invasion. Everything that happened in Iraq is described here, every mistake and failed strategy the Americans would use, written down twentyfive years before the war even started. No wonder various army generals studied it so avidly. Colonial wars follow certain patterns it seems and what happened in Algeria in 1954-62 can be used as a guide to Iraq forty years later.

Two bits of interestness

Published on November 3, 2008

(Alternative title: Martin shows his ignorance again.)

James Nicoll resurrects a piece of interesting US medical history for the benefit of a silly Livejournal poll, asking his readers their opinion of the Flexner report:

The Report (also called Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four) called on American medical schools to enact higher admission and graduation standards, and to adhere strictly to the protocols of mainstream science in their teaching and research. Many American medical schools fell short of the standard advocated in the Report, and subsequent to its publication, nearly half of such schools merged or were closed outright. The Report also concluded that there were too many medical schools in the USA, and that too many doctors were being trained. A repercussion of the Flexner Report resulting from the closure or consolidation of university training, was reversion of American universities to male-only admittance programs to accommodate a smaller admission pool. Universities had begun opening and expanding female admissions as part of women’s and co-educational facilities only in the mid-to-latter part of the 19th century with the founding of co-educational Oberlin College in 1833 and private colleges such as Vassar College and Pembroke College.

0wen Hatherley commenting on a half forgotten 1930ties cartoonist, Osbert Lancaster, a fellow with the same sort of progression as Betjeman in moving from Modernist to nostalgic defender of dear old England:

The 1930s work, from Pillar to Post and elsewhere, is still excellent – a precise, droll anatomisation of English building styles, with the admirable aim of making the English actually think about their environment for once. The absurdities of each idiom are neatly pricked, from the ‘Stockbroker Tudor’ pile with its streamline moderne car, glamour girl and adjacent pylon (which, amongst other things reveals just how old postmodernism is); to the ‘Functional Modern’ interior where the Bauhaus aesthete (apparently based on Herbert Read) sits bow-legged on an Aalto stool, oblivious to the fact that his sun-window gives onto pissing rain rather than light-air-openness.

The later cartoons – for the likes of the Daily Express or Anthony Powell’s epics of bourgeois manners, or for the theatre – still have a certain seedy charm, but are far less interesting. The architectural observations stay sharp, but elsewhere it all gets rather flabby. The lurid sexuality which pervades the prurient sketches of ‘permissiveness’ – a skirt never quite covers an arse, breasts always seem to be forcing themselves out of dresses – offers a few moments of interest, although they pale in comparison with the teeming, obsessive visions of Ronald Searle, whose angular lines the 1950s- works superficially resemble – and who is vastly more deserving of the exhibition’s throwing around of the term ‘genius’.

(I hadn’t heard of Lancaster before, but it’ll probably turn out that S. had a pile of his books but threw them out before moving house.)