Piers Anthony and the fungus

Way, way back in his career Piers Anthony was still capable of writing mildy interesting books, before he discovered just writing the same story –of adventures in a magical fairyland in which every male character is like their creator obsessed by the colour of panties– over and over again would make him much more money. Back then he wrote the only novel of his I’ve read all the way through and not regretted it afterwards, Omnivore. It had the interesting idea of having an alien planet full of fungi based lifeforms, including huge fungilike “plants”. Turns out that idea is not as crazy as it sounds at first, because it turns out a prehistoric plant species called Prototaxites was really a fungus capable of growing twenty feet high:

The enigma known as Prototaxites, which stood in branchless, tree-like trunks up to more than 20 feet tall and a yard wide, lived worldwide from roughly 420 million to 350 million years ago. The giant was the largest-known organism of its day, living in a time when wingless insects, millipedes, worms and other creepy-crawlies dominated, as backboned animals had not yet evolved out of the oceans.

“That world was a very strange place,” said researcher C. Kevin Boyce, a University of Chicago paleobotanist.

Prototaxites has generated controversy for more than a century. Originally classified as a conifer like a pine tree, scientists later argued that it was instead a lichen, various types of algae or a fungus .

“No matter what argument you put forth, people say, well, that’s crazy. That doesn’t make any sense,” Boyce said. “A 20-foot-tall fungus doesn’t make any sense. Neither does a 20-foot-tall algae make any sense, but here’s the fossil.”

Every day you can learn a little tidbit like that that makes you realise the world you live in isn’t just sttranger and more wonderful than you imagined, but it’s stranger and more wonderful than you can imagine. But not if you read any Piers Anthony novels.

Deepsea dentures

Pharyngula answers the age old question: how is it squids can bite so hard without an internal or external skeleton?

If you think about it, though, cephalopods don’t have a rigid internal skeleton. How do they get the leverage to move a pair of sharp-edged beaks relative to one another, and what the heck are they doing with a hard beak anyway? There’s a whole paper on the anatomy of just the buccal mass, the complex of beak, muscle, connective tissue, and ganglia that powers the cephalopod bite.

I just love this kind of stuff.

Two for my sweetie

pciture of 
vampire squid, nicked from Pharyngula
Picture of vampire squid nicked from Pharyngula

S—, as you may or may not care to know, loves the cephalopod: squid, octopus, cuttlefish, she likes
them all. The following two links, both found at Pharyngula are for her.

First, there’s an interesting overview of cephalopod evolution, slightly marred by forced attempts to be hip involving Kang and Kodos, the alien squid monsters from the Simpsons, that’s right. Ignore this and you still have a good article, especially for those not as into the cephalopod as S—.

Second, take a look at what happens when a big octopus meets an equally sized shark in this videoclip from the Seattle Aquarium (Realplayer required). Suffice to say that the aquarium staff got a slightly surprising answer to their question as to why the sharks in this tank kept dying….

Squid profit from global warming

We may not like it, us poor folk in the Netherlands especially, but squid apparantely thrive on global warming, overtaking humans in biomass. Not only are there more squid, according to Dr George Jackson from the Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean they are also getting bigger:

“Many of the species have exponential growth, particularly during the juvenile stage so if you increase the water temperature by even a degree it has a tremendous snowballing effect of rapidly increasing their growth rate and their ultimate body size.

“They get much bigger and they can mature earlier and it just accelerates everything.”

The squid not only thrive on global warming, but also due to more direct interference by us. Since we seem intent on hunting their predators like tuna, to extinction, as well as their direct competitors, various finfish, squid can expand enormously. A good thing perhaps for them, not so good for the oceans’ ecology.

Also not good, the reports about Humboldt squid moving north into the waters around Alaska, when normally the furthest north they come is San Francisco. these squid are normally warm water animals, not suitable for living in colder waters (and indeed dying off in large numbers). The worry is, that this is happening because the warm water currents in the Pacific Ocean are shifting. And squid aren’t the only sea animals being found far north of their usual habitat: both thresher and great white sharks, as well as a hard-shell turtle and a jack mackarel have been sighted in Alaska recently…